ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

Organic Chemistry is observed all around us in our everyday life. Whether it is from your kitchen, like sugar and salt, or your everyday products like hairspray and so on.

Organic chemistry refers to the hydro-carbon bond between elements. There are millions of organic compounds out there, and each have different chemical and physical properties.

Carbon has 4 valence electrons, and it needs 4 more to fill its subshell. Therefore it forms bonds with other elements in order to be full and stable.
The 4 bonds of a carbon forms a tetrahydon, like this :






Hydrocarbons are the simplest organic compounds and they contain only carbon and hydrogen atoms.

ALKANES

Alkanes have the formula CnH2n+2 , meaning for every carbon atom, there are 4 hyrogen atoms. So if there were 2 carbon atoms, then there are 6 hydrogen atoms bonded with the carbon. Alkanes are different from others, because they are single bonds, and their suffix is -ane. So for example, C2H6, ethane, is an alkane with 2 carbons and 6 hydrogens.

Some common names include:

Methane              CH4
Ethane                 C2H6
Propane              C3H8
Butane                 C4H10
Pentane               C5H12
Hexane                C6H14
Heptane              C7H16
Octane                C8H18
Nonane               C9H20
Decane               C10H22







Properties of Alkanes

• Solid alkanes are normally soft with low melting points

• Insoluble in water

• Can exist in gases, liquids, and solids

ALKENES 

Alkenes contain at least one double bond pair of carbon. The prefix of alkenes is the same as the prefix for alkanes, except the suffix changes from -ane to -ene. So Methane will become methene and so on.Alkenes follow the formula CnH2n.
So since propane has 3 carbons, and one of them is double bonded with another, then it will have 6 hydrogens instead of 8.

Properties of Alkenes

• Can be found in gases, liquids, and solids
• Insoluble in water
• Intermolecular forces of alkenes get stronger when the size of molecules increases

Alkenes have geometric isomers, meaning the order in which the elements are arranged can differ, yet still be symmetric.




ALKYNES

They are molecules that contain at least one triple-bonded carbon pair. Just like alkanes and alkenes, we use the same prefix; but the suffix changes to -yne instead of -ane or -ene.
So if we had butane that has a triple-bond carbon in it, the name will be butyne.

Properties of Alkynes

• Soluble in water and polar solvents
• High boiling points
• Strong acidity