Organic Chem- Functional groups

There are elements that react with hydrocarbons in organic reactions. Some of these elements are Halogens, some are Alcohols, some are Aldehydes, and some are Ketones. There numerous other types but those are the ones we are going to go through (yay!)

Let's start with Halogens and Nitro compounds

Well it is not rocket science, they include HALOGENS (fluorine, chlorine, Iodine, and bromine), and Nitro (NO2).

When they are written in a reaction, we use the prefix of the word with -o as a suffix. Example: Fluorine becomes Fluoro, Bromine becomes Bromo, etc...

An example of an organic compound with Halogens is this :

      Cl                
       |       
    CH=C-CH₂-CH₃
             |                    
            Cl                   

1,2-dichloro-1-butene

the di is used because we have 2 Chlorine atoms

Here is another example :

                                                             H   F
                                                             |    |
2HF + CH₃-CH=CH-CH₃ CH₃-C-C-CH₃ + H₂
                                                              |    |
                                                             F   H






ALCOHOLS

alcohols are the second functional group that can bond with hydro-carbons. It is evident by using the compound hydroxide (OH). And instead of using the regular suffix for the name of the compound like propANE, we will replace it with -ol; so it becomes propanOL!

The four most common alcohols are:

CH3OH methanol (methyl alcohol)

CH3CH2OH ethanol (ethyl alcohol)

CH3CH2CH2OH 1-propanol (propyl alcohol)

OH | CH3CHCH3 2-propanol (isopropyl alcohol)

ALDEHYDES & KETONES

Aldehydes and Ketones are kind of similar, especially when it comes to their properties. But they differ in the position of the oxygen double bond.

In aldehydes, the  double bond between carbon and oxygen is on one of the ends of the reaction.

Aldehyde

-->

CH3CHO (acetaldehyde)

In aldehydes, we use the same prefixes but we change the suffix. So indtead of using the standard -ane or -ene or -yne, it ends with -al. So instead of saying octane, we say octanAL!

Ketones differ only in the fact that they are present soemwhere in the middle of the reaction, not on the ends.

Ketone   --->

CH3COCH3 (acetone)

The same prefixes are used again, but with different suffixes. In this case, the word is going to end with -one. So nonane will become nonONE!!